Afrogouvernance – By Gustave Botela Lipo – June 27, 2009
Chad,
Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan, are the biggest victims of the groundless wars which return populations among the poorest
of the planet.
Afrogouvernance is meant to the worry to make summary analyses in this special edition, to try to burst abscess and
to make understand youth African within reason according to our researches, the primary sources of these misfortunes which do not
cease mining their future by hour to hour, from day to day and year by year.
We shall speak about these three countries which are in
wars forever for XY reasons that the unprotected innocent populations, are the first victims.
Sudan (officially theRepublic of the Sudan) (Arabic: ?al-Sudan is a country in north-eastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and in the Arab
World, [3] and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and
Ethiopia to the east, Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to
the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest.
The people of Sudan have a long history extending from antiquity, which
is intertwined with the history of Egypt, with which it was united politically over several periods. The country has throughout history
been a route or a destination for many individuals or groups travelling along the Nile or across it from West Africa on their route
to Arabia to perform the annual pilgrimage to the House of God in Mecca. The varied climate within Sudan has also contributed to a
spectrum of cultures, ethnicities, languages and religions of which Islam and Christianity are the major organised ones. Although
the current image of Sudan is one of conflict and unrest, the country has enjoyed periods of democratic rule and political organisation
rarely seen in African or Arab countries in the fifties and sixties. It had a relatively early political organisation and traditional
governing systems supported by many demographic and cultural factors from which Sufi teachings were not too far. Its capital Khartoum
was famous for the post Arab-Israeli war summit of 1967 in which the Arabian front was reunited when King Faisal of Saudi Arabia and
president Nasser of Egypt along with other Arab leaders were invited by the influential Sudanese Sir Sayyid Almirghani (a dignitary
of high regard in African and Arab circles at the time) and hosted by the first independent Sudan president Al-Azhari.
Sudan is (as
of 2009) ranked as the third most politically unstable country in the world according to the Failed States Index, mainly because of
the ongoing humanitarian crisis in Darfur, the high score of delegitimization of the State, and the wide spread violation of human
rights.
The history of Sudan is marked by influences (military and cultural) on Sudan from neighboring areas (e.g.
Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, Ethiopia, Congo, and Chad) and world powers (e.g. United Kingdom, United States). The territory of Sudan
combines the lands of several ancient kingdoms, including Kush, Darfur, and three Nubian kingdoms. Excavation of archaeological sites
on the Nile above Aswan has confirmed human habitation in the river valley during the Paleolithic period that spanned more than sixty
thousand years of Sudanese history. A prehistoric burial discovered in northern Sudan, known as Cemetery 117, reveals what is believed
to be the world's earliest indication of warfare, dating to the twelfth millennium BC. By the eighth millennium BC, people
of a Neolithic culture had settled into a sedentary way of life there in fortified mud-brick villages, where they supplemented hunting
and fishing on the Nile with grain gathering and cattle herding. Anthropological and archaeological research indicate that during
the predynastic period Nubian and Nagadan Upper Egypt were ethnically, and culturally nearly identical, and thus, simultaneously evolved
systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 BC. But during the close of the Nagada III period, Nagada, in its bid to conquer and
unify the whole Nile valley, seems to have conquered their southern neighbors and "Egyptianized" them. The result appears to
have been the depopulation of the entire Lower Nubian area, either by the genocidal efforts of the First Dynasty Egyptian kings or
by the migration (forced or voluntary) of the Nubians to areas north and south.
Despite being the 17th fastest growing economy
in the world with new economic policies and infrastructure investments, Sudan still faces formidable economic problems, as it must
rise from a very low level of per capita output. Since 1997, Sudan has been implementing the macroeconomic reforms recommended by
the IMF. In 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and in the last quarter of 1999, recorded its first trade surplus. Increased oil
production (the current production is about 520,000 barrels per day (83,000 m³/d)) revived light industry, and expanded
export processing zones helped sustain GDP growth at 6.1% in 2003. These gains, along with improvements to monetary policy, have stabilized
the exchange rate. Currently oil is Sudan's main export, and the production is increasing dramatically. With rising oil revenues the
Sudanese economy is booming, with a growth rate of about 9% in 2007. Sustained growth was expected the next year, because of not only
increasing oil production, but also the boost of hydroelectricity (annual electricity yield of 5.5 TWh) by Merowe Dam.
Rich mineral
resources are available in Sudan including: petroleum, natural gas, gold, silver, chrome, asbestos, manganese, gypsum, mica, zinc,
iron, lead, uranium, copper, kaolin, cobalt, granite, nickel and tin.
Agriculture production remains Sudan's most important sector,
employing 80% of the workforce and contributing 39% of GDP, but most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought. Chronic instability
— including the long-standing civil war between the Muslim north and the Christian/animist south, adverse weather, and weak world
agricultural prices — ensure that much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years.
The Merowe Dam, also known
as Merowe Multi-Purpose Hydro Project or Hamdab Dam, is a large construction project in northern Sudan, about 350 km north of
the capital Khartoum. It is situated on the river Nile, close to the Fourth Cataract where the river divides into multiple smaller
branches with large islands in between. Merowe is a city about 40 km downstream from the construction site at Hamdab. The main
purpose of the dam will be the generation of electricity. Its dimensions make it the largest contemporary hydro power project in Africa.
The construction of the dam was to be finished by mid 2008, supplying more than 90% of the population with electricity. Other gas-powered
generating stations are under construction in Khartoum state; these were also due to be completed by 2008.
Despite the American sanctions,
the Sudanese economy is the one of the fastest growing in the world according to a New York Times report of October 2006.
To follow…
Afrogouvernance
- By Gustave Botela Lipo – March 24th, 2008.
ONGs in the service of Washington
and American government took allegation of an unconfirmed genocide as pretext to introduce UN / NATO troops into the sites of oil
deposits of Darfur and the Sudanese south finally. It is the oil, and not human misery, that is behind the new interest of Washington
for Darfur.
The campaign « genocide of Darfur » began in 2003, at the same time as the oil pipeline Chad-Cameroon began working. The
Americans had then bedding in Chad from which they could achieve the oil of Darfur and, in practice, to covet the new sources of oil
of China. Darfur is strategically as for its nearness in Chad, Central African Republic, Egypt and Libya.
According to Keith Harmon
Snow: « The American military objectives in Darfur-and more broadly in the horn of Africa are nowadays served by the support of the
Americans and NATO in the troops of the Union African (UA) presents in Darfur. In this place, NATO provides of the Earth and air support
the troops of UA which are introduced as of « neutral » and «soldiers of peace. Sudan is in war on three fronts, with in every concerned
country Uganda, Chad, and Ethiopia a significant American military presence and of ongoing American military programs. The war in
Sudan is delivered by American secret operations and by "rebel" factions formed by the Americans entering Darfur by the south of Sudan,
Chad, Ethiopia and Uganda. »
The president Deby of Chad also fixes the eyes towards China
The realization of the oil pipeline
which goes from Chad to the Cameroonian coast, financed by USA and the World Bank, was conceived as one of the rooms of a master plan
of Washington to control treasures in oil of central Africa of Sudan in the whole Gulf of Guinea.
But the former partner of Washington,
the lifelong president of Chad, Idris Deby, felt dissatisfied of his small part in benefits accomplished on the oil controlled by
the Americans. When it and the Parliament of Chad decided at the beginning of the year on 2006 to take part bigger of the incomes
of oil to finance military operations and to reinforce its army, the new president of the World Bank, architect of the war of Iraq,
Paul Wolfowitz, applied himself to make suspend loans for the country. During this August, after Idris Deby wins his re-election,
it created the own oil company of Chad, SHT, and threatened to evict Rafter and Petronas Malaysian for not payment of the owed taxes,
and demanded a part of 60 % on the oil pipeline of Chad. When all is said and done it reached an arrangement with oil companies, but
the winds of change had begun blowing.
Deby makes face also in a growing internal opposition of a rebel group of Chad, « the Forehead
Joined for Change », known under his French name as FUC, that he affirms being clandestinely financed by Sudan. In this region, the
geography of conflicts is very complex. The foundations of FUC are in Darfur.
In this unstable situation, Beijing appeared in Chad
with a chest of money filled at arrangement. In January, the Chinese President Hu Jintao made a state visit in Sudan and in Cameroon
between other African States. In 2006, the Chinese leaders visited not less than 48 African States. In August, 2006 Beijing welcomed
minister of Foreign Affairs of Chad for discussions and the resumption of formal diplomatic links interrupted in 1997. China began
importing Chadian oil as the Sudanese. Not a lot of oil, but if Beijing knows how to be taken there, it will soon change.
In April
2006, minister of Foreign Affairs of Chad announced that discussions with China for a bigger Chinese participation in the development
of the oil of Chad « advanced well. » It belongs summary judgment in Chinese proposals in favor of thee development of oil, by describing
them as « being much more balanced than those whose habit we have. »
Economic presence quibbles in Chad, railleusement, can be more
efficacious to diminish battles and displacements of population in Darfur that any presence of the troops of the Union African or
the UN never could it. This new situation could definitely not be received by certain persons in Washington and in the head offices
of Rafter, as much as they risk not seeing any more from the oil falling in the hands blotted with oil and with blood.
Chad and Darfurare only a part of the vast effort of China to make sure of some « oil at source » across Africa. Oil is also the first factor in
the African politics of USA today. The plans of George W. Bush in Africa consist of a new foundation of USA has Sao Tomé / Principle,
is 124 miles of Gulf of Guinea from where he can control the oil deposits of Gulf of Guinea, Angola in the south to Congo, to Gabon,
in Equatorial Guinea, to Cameroon and in Nigeria. This zone precisely proves to be the same where the recent diplomatic activity and
of investment quibbles was focused.
« The oil of western Africa became for us an objective of national strategically interest, » has
already pointed out in 2002 the state secretary taken on for Africa of USA, Walter Landsteiner. Darfur and Chad are only an extension
« by other means » of the Iraqi politics of USA - which consists in controlling oil everywhere. China questions this control "everywhere
", particularly in Africa. It leads to a new Cold War not declared on oil.
Source: Fr William Engdahl is the author of, Has Century
of War: Anglo-American Oil Politics, Pluto Press Ltd. His next work, Seeds of Destruction: The Dark Side of Genetic engineering (Global
Research Publishing) will be published in June. It is available via its site, www.engdahl.oilgeopolitics.net <http: // www.engdahl.oilgeopolitics.net>
To
follow…
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Where come
from the misery of Darfur - Episode 4
Afrogouvernance - By Gustave Botela Lipo – March 18th, 2008.
…The American
senate adopted there February on 2006 a resolution which claimed the presence of troops of NATO in Darfur, as well as a more powerful
force of supports of the peace of the UN with a robust mandate. One month later, the president Bush also called to reinforce force
of OAN numerically in Darfur...
The Pentagon forms a big number of military leaders Africans in USA, very as he made it for the
Latin-American officers during decades. The program « International Military Education and Training, (IMET) », allowed the training
of military officers of Chad, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Cameroon and Central African Republic, all being border countries of Sudan.
A
big party of the weapon which fed massacres in Darfur and south was introduced through occult « traders of death » deprived and protected
as Victor Bout the ancient famous employee of the KGB, supporting in function in USA.
Victor Bout was named again and again these
last years as seller of weapon across all Africa. The civil servants of the government of the United States close eyes mysteriously
on his operations in Texas and in Florida in spite of the fact that he is on the list of the sought-after of Interpol for greying
of silver.
The American help to development for all Sub-Saharan Africa including Chad was distinctly weak these last years while
it’s military help augmented. Oil and rush for strategically raw materials are obvious reason. Washington knew it long before the
Sudanese government.
The oil plan of 1974 of Rafter
The American majors of oil knew wealth in oil of Sudan since the beginning
of 1970s. In 1979, Jafaar Nimeiry, state leader of Sudan, had broken with the soviets and the guest Rafter to develop the oil of Sudan.
It’s perhaps a fatal error. The ambassador in the UN GEORGE H.W. Bush had personally put in the picture Nimeiry concerning satellites
photographs showing the sites of oil in Sudan. Nimeiry bit in the hook. Wars for oil were consequence since.
Rafter found big
reservations of oil in the South of Sudan. It spent 1.2 billion dollars on jobs of canvassing and quality control. This oil triggered
off what is called the second civil war of Sudan in 1983. Rafter was the target of attacks and of repeated massacres and suspended
plan in 1984. In 1992, it sold its Sudanese concessions of oil. Then China began developing the abandoned fields of Rafter in 1999
with notable results.
But forget not that Rafter is not far from Darfur today.
Chadian oil and policy of pipelines
The
Rafter of Condi Rice is present in neighbouring Chad, very as the other giant of oil American, Exxon Mobil. They newly constructed
an oil pipeline for 3.7 billion dollars which routes 160.000 barrels of oil a day from Doba to central Chad near Darfur Sudanese,
until Kribi in Cameroon on Atlantic Ocean, and which are intended for the American refineries.
To arrive there, they worked with
the lifelong President of Chad Idris Deby, despot corrupt one which was accused of forwarding weapon provided by the Americans to
the rebels of Darfur. Deby reached "Section Sahel Initiative" on the initiative of Washington controlled by US-European Command «of
the Pentagon, to form his troops to fight Islamic terrorism ". The majority of the tribes in the region of Darfur are Islamic.
Having
endowed serviceman in helps, in training and armed American, Deby threw in 2004, striking at the origin of Conflict in Darfur, by
using the members of his nurse of presidential elite who comes from the province, providing the men of the vehicles of ground, of
weapon and the anti-aircraft implements intended for the rebels of the Darfur who fight the government of Khartoum in the Sudanese
southwest, The American military support of Deby had been in fact the element triggering off the massacre of Darfur. Khartoum reacted
and the breaking up which was in order was complete.
Source: contreinfo. - Translate by Afrogouvernance.
To follow…
Where come
from the misery of Darfur - Episode 3
Afrogouvernance - By Gustave Botela Lipo - February 27th, 2008.
The term
of genocide is use in a repetitive manner by the government of the United States by referring to Darfur. The helper of state secretary
and responsible for the Office of Population, Refugees and Migration, Ellen Sauerbrey, had moved forward during an interview on INSINFO
on November 17th, 2007 that: <ongoing genocide in Darfur, Sudan - a flagrant violation of human rights is - been part of the most
important international questions preoccupying the United States.>
The Bush administration continues stressing the fact that
genocide is under way in Darfur since 2003, in spite of the fact that a mission composed of five men led by the Italian judge Antonio
Cassese brought back in 2004 that there had not been genocide in Darfur, but rather than serious concerning abuses human rights had
been made. They claimed chases in justice for war crimes.
So, the topic of genocide is used, with the support of Hollywood of the big
suit, through popular stars as George Clooney, to instrument the reason of a de facto occupation of the region by NATO. Heretofore
the government of Sudan obstinately refused, without wonder.
The hall of death
The activity of the United States, pass through
his allies in Chad and in other neighbouring States which formed and armed the Army of liberation of the Sudanese People, aimed up
to his death in July, 2005, by John guarantor, formed in the school US Special Forces in Strong Bening, in Georgia.
The distribution
of weapon begins in the South of Sudan in the oriental party and since the discovery of oil in Darfur. Around the same region, the
United States feeds the conflict which led to the dozens thousand victims and to millions of moving heretofore. Eritrea receives and
supports SPLA, which regroups the groups of opposition of NIDA, as well as the Eastern Forehead and the rebels of the Darfur.
There
are two rebel groups which fight in the region of Darfur against the central government of Khartoum of the president Omar Al-Bashir.
1-The Justice group for the Step of Equality (JEM)
2-Army of liberation of Sudan (SLA) which is more numerous.
In February
2003, SLA had launched attacks on the positions of the Sudanese government in the region of Darfur. The General Secretary of the SLA
MInni Arku Minnawi called to the armed conflict, accusing the government of ignoring Darfur. The objective of this group is to create
united democratic Sudan. In other words, the change of regime in Sudan.
The Senate had adopted in February 2006, a resolution
which claimed the presence of troops of NATO in Darfur, as well as a more powerful force of supports of the peace of the UN with a
robust mandate. One month later, the president Bush also called to reinforce force of NATO numerically in Darfur. There we are in
complete confusion.
It is which reason which the United States indeed defends: Genocide? The humanity? Oïl?
To follow …
Source:
Info Center - info
- Afrogouvernance - By Gustave Botela Lipo - January 22nd, 2008
National Petroleum
Company (CNPC) from the concessional blocks 1, 2 and 4 in the south of Sudan Dyed the warp threads of it, constructed an oil pipeline
succeeding again terminal with Harbour-Sudan off Red Sea where black gold is routed to China in super tankers. So, the south of Sudan
provides 8 % of the oil of China. What explains the extraction of the product from 65 % to 80 % of the 500.000 barrels / day of production
of oil of Sudan?
In 2006, Sudan should be the fourth biggest source of supply abroad from China. And always up to date on the
same year the China compared with Japan, her outdistanced this last which ranks in second position of the biggest importer of the
world of oil after the United States, importing 6.5 million barrels of oil a day. By its expansion of demand of oil of about 30 %
a year about, China will be able to exceed the United States in quantity of oil from a distance imported in next decade. It is objective
and reality which determine main foreign policy from Beijing to Africa.
According to the data of USAID, concessions of oil of
the south of Sudan prove that CNPC Chinese has rights on the block 6 which crosses Darfur, around border with Chad and Central African
Republic.
The government of Sudan in April, 2005 had published, that it had discovered some oil in the south of Darfur which
would allow after working inhaling 500.000 barrels per day. This publication is source main of conflict in Darfur. In view of the
fact that worldwide mass media is controlled by the big farmers of black gold, this announcement is crossed under silence to invent
other sources of conflicts, is saying ethnic, Muslim blacks, etc.
It was necessary to sell this announcement on another topic.
So, Washington as champion in art opts for popular topic at present genocide ". Therefore the militarization of this region of Sudan
begins. Paradoxically, all ONG and other humanitarian organisms and watchers are unanimous and acknowledge the misery of the population
of Darfur, a big human misery which counts thousands of the displaced and more than 300.000 deceases since the beginning of conflicts,
but only Washington and ONG made in EMPLOYED use the accusatory topic of genocide to represent Darfur.
Unfortunately for this
sad brotherhood, it did not acquire of support in their campaign of the accusation of genocide, otherwise the door would be opened
and to give green light to NATO to intervene forcefully to overturn regime, a scenario drawn well by Washington in the domestic business
of Sudan, once again the Yankee want some black gold.
To follow …
End of 2nd episode.
- Afrogouvernance Par Gustave Botela Lipo - January 15th, 2008
It is an extraordinarily
diabolic column. The origin of the source of bloody conflicts in Darfur has to have nothing with ethnic groups as one makes believe
us. It is war between foreign potency with therapeutics of genocide for which they are responsible in this zone of the planet.
So said,
what is at stake in battle genocide of Darfur? It is the control of the main reservations of oil which has this region of Sudan, that
the population of Darfur is forever victim.
Given that they do not
speak any more about Cold War between USAS and USSR, there is another form of war which I call; « lukewarm war in Africa ». Why lukewarm,
since this war feels no pity of the human breed. A war which exterminates human breeds every day, in view of force of the peace of
the world. Never Cold War killed as it is the case of Darfur. To understand stakes of this war, it is necessary to do numerous researches
and finally to disclose main reasons.
As in the past, the case of Biafra in Nigeria an endless war, while supporting in Democratic
Republic of Congo which gives no sign of peace, and also to Darfur which is also subjected most worse of genocides that knew the humanity.
Darfur
located in the south region of Sudan, illustrates this lukewarm war, where the tremendous expansion of demand of oil Dyes the warp
threads of it to feed its growth extreme canalizes Beijing to launch in an aggressive policy of the diplomacy of the dollar (Dollar).
With achieving monetary reserves more than billion dollar one thousand three hundred US, the Domestic bank of the People of
China, Beijing got involved in an audacious geopolitics of Oil.
Africa is a source of production (dairy cow) for the rest of the planet.
Therefore Africa is a main target, and the core region between Sudan and Chad is a preference. It is what creates the forehead of
battle of lukewarm war between Washington and Beijing. In this lukewarm war for dominance and control of oil means, started since
the plague of USAS of Iraq in 2003.
But until then, Beijing is cleverer than Washington. Darfur is a field of lethal battle in this
antagonism of stakes of high level for the control of oil.
As you can determine it, these last instants, Beijing launched in
a continuity of conceived initiatives for make sure of long-term means of raw materials in regions the most provided of the planet,
of which the continent African. No material dresses only oil more in impact for Beijing nowadays as for its long-term supply.
At
this instant, almost 30 % of the supplies of the crude oil of China come from Africa. It is remarkable explanation continuity of the
diplomatic initiatives which return fanatical Washington.
China grants credits in dollar without demanding counterbalances to achieve
huge treasures of raw materials of Africa, taking in against - foot rules of the game by which Washington exercises its control habitually
via the World Bank and the IMF. So, the choice is clear; which country African would like to use painful medicaments of the IMF or
the World Bank, at the time when China gives emollient with favourable conditions and on top of that, constructs of facilities, of
schools, of hospitals, of realities that IMF and BM have capacities, but never want to make it, but still to hoard of force by creating
bloody conflicts everywhere.
In November, 2006, Beijing received an extraordinary summit uniting forty state leaders Africans.
China accepted the leaders Africans with the honours of big state leaders by unwinding the red carpet, to know the leaders of States
of Southern Africa, Algeria, Angola of Mali, of Nigeria, of the Central African Republic and Zambia.
Without forgetting that
China has sign a contract which brings closer to the People's Republic of China in two of the big nations of the continent African
of whom; Nigeria and the Southern Africa. The Offshore Chinese national oil company, CNOOC will extract oil in Nigeria, by the intervention
of a consortium which also includes the South African Petroleum Co giving the access to China of what could represent more than 175000
barrels per day heretofore in 2008. It is 2.27 billion dollar contract which gives a part to CNOOC of 45 % in a vast oil deposit off
Nigeria. To know that; Nigeria was considered by Washington as being under the control of the big Anglo majors - Americans of oil
as Exxon Mobil, Shell and Rafter. Therefore, you understand one of the mailmen who were at the origin of the war of Biafra, - Oil-.
The flexible loans from China, without interest or concessional
rights to the debit States of the poorest of Africa; these loans are orientated in facilities, including from hospitals, from schools
etc, one create contrast obviously marked in comparison with barbaric and violent requirements of asperity of the World Bank and the
IMF. Only there 20o6, China distributed more than eight billion dollars in Nigeria, in Angola and in Mozambique, to be compared with
the 2.3 billion from the World Bank for «all sub-Saharan Africa ". Ghana negotiates a loan Chinese for its sector of electricity of
2.2 billion. Unlike the World Bank, which represents in reality an invisible weapon of the foreign economic policy of USAS, China
puts down cleverly no barrier and condition to its loans. This Chinese diplomacy some driven oil Washington to make the strange accusation
which Beijing tries to guarantee oil at source, while it is the preoccupation of the foreign policy of Washington for century.
With more or less $ 5 billion in the development of oil deposits, Dyes the warp threads of it Nation Petroleum
Company, CNPC, of Beijing, is the biggest foreign investor in Sudan. There is it 8 years, that is to say in 1999, Sudan had endowed
15 billion with an investment of at least $ on behalf of China. So, China has 50 % of an oil refinery near Khartoum with the government
of Sudan. Oil deposits are concentrated in the south, in the site where devastates a long civil war without head or tail, partly financed
clandestinely by the United States, to draw away a break between the south and Khartoum the Islamic, located in the north. - To follow
…
Therefore, dear readers and readers, no oil region was so much coveted, which causes oil conflict that I call « lukewarm war in Africa
» China - USAs where Sudan and its region of Darfur victims are.
End of first episode.
